name	Network Ten
logofile	NetworkTen.svg
logosize	100px
logocaption	Network Ten Logo
launch	1 August 1964
picture format	576i (16:9 SDTV)
slogan	''Seriously TEN''
country	Australia
language	English
sister names	Eleven One HD
broadcast area	Melbourne, Brisbane, Sydney, Adelaide, Perth
digital areas	Tasmania, Darwin, Mildura
owner	Ten Network Holdings
web	ten.com.au
share	22.2% Nationally
share as of	2009 Ratings Year
share source	2009 ratings
terr serv 1	Analogue
terr chan 1	''Normally tuned to 10''
terr serv 2	SD Digital
terr chan 2	Channel 10
sat serv 1	Foxtel
sat chan 1	Channel 110
sat serv 2	Austar
sat chan 2	Channel 010
cable serv 1	Foxtel
cable chan 1	Channel 110
cable serv 2	Optus TV
cable chan 2	Channel 110 }}

Network Ten (commonly known as Channel Ten or simply Ten), is one of Australia's three major commercial television networks. Owned-and-operated stations can be found in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth, while affiliates extend the network to cover most of the country. Ten consistently rates third amongst all channels in Australia's five largest cities, behind the Seven Network and Nine Network.

History

Origins

From the introduction of TV in 1956 up until 1965 there were only two commercial television networks in Australia, the Nine Network and the Seven Network, and the public broadcaster the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. However, in the early 1960s, the federal government began canvassing the idea of licensing a third commercial television station in each city. This decision was seen by some as a way for the government to defuse growing public dissatisfaction with the dominance of imported overseas programming and the paucity of local content.

Structurally, the Australian television industry was closely modelled on the two-tiered system that had been in place in Australian radio since the late 1930s. One tier consisted of a network of publicly funded television stations run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, which was funded by government budget allocation and (until 1972) by fees from television viewer licences. The second tier consisted of the commercial networks and independent stations owned by private operators, whose income came from selling advertising time.

Founded in 1965, the new television network was initially dubbed the "Independent Television System" or ITS, but in 1970 adopted the title ''The 0–10 Network'' which reflected the names of the first two stations in the group. In the early 1990s, Ten also referred to itself by the backronym "The Entertainment Network" in network promotions.

ATV-0 in Melbourne opened on 1 August 1964, and was owned by the Ansett transport and media group, which at the time owned one of Australia's two domestic airlines. TEN-10 in Sydney, which opened on 5 April 1965, was originally owned by United Telecasters Sydney Ltd (UTSL), who also in July that year opened TVQ-0 in Brisbane. Also opened that month was SAS-10, serving the city of Adelaide in South Australia.

1970s

Over the next few years more stations opened in other capitals and regional centres, and gradually these new stations affiliated with the 0–10 Network. But the Seven Network and the Nine Network were already well entrenched, and for its first five years the 0–10 Network led a hand-to-mouth existence. By the beginning of the 1970s the network was in a precarious financial position and there were predictions that it would fail.

The network's salvation came thanks to the adult soap opera serial ''Number 96'', which premiered in March 1972 on the very night "Australian TV lost its virginity". The series broke new ground for Australian television and captured the imagination of viewers like few programs before or since. For the next three years it was consistently Australia's top-rating television program and, not surprisingly, its huge popularity attracted advertisers to Ten ''en masse'', with the result that its revenue exploded from just A$1 million in 1971 to more than A$10 million in 1972.

However, the pattern of ratings dominance was already set, and since the mid-1960s there has been little deviation from the prevalent rankings, with the Nine Network typically in first place, the Seven Network second, Network Ten third and ABC TV fourth.

The gradual evolution of Network Ten into its current form has its origins in the ongoing attempts by media mogul Rupert Murdoch to acquire a prized commercial television licence in Australia's largest capital city market, Sydney. This began when Murdoch's News Ltd purchased the Wollongong station WIN Television in the early 1960s, around the same time he bought Festival Records. In 1977, frustrated by regulatory blocks that prevented him from expanding into the Sydney market, Murdoch sold WIN Television and purchased a 46% share in Ten Sydney.

In 1979, Murdoch made an unsuccessful takeover bid for the Melbourne-based Herald and Weekly Times media group. Although the bid failed, he gained a 50% stake in Ansett, which thus gave him control of Channel 0 in Melbourne. When Murdoch became an American citizen in 1985 so that he could expand his media empire in the United States, Australia's media ownership laws obliged him to dispose of the flagship television stations, which were sold to Northern Star, an offshoot of the Westfield Group conglomerate controlled by property tycoon Frank Lowy.

1980s

On 20 January 1980, the 0–10 Network became known as Network Ten to reflect ATV-0's transition to ATV-10 – although the Brisbane station continued to broadcast as TVQ-0 until 10 September 1988 the station changed to TVQ-10. On 27 December 1987, Adelaide's SAS-10 gave ADS-7 the affiliation rights of Network Ten, and became known as ADS-10.

Northern Star was badly hit by the stock market crash of 1987, having overcapitalised on the Network Ten acquisition, and in 1989 Westfield sold Network Ten to a consortium led by Charles Curran and former television journalist Steve Cosser.

1988 finally saw the launch of NEW-10 in Perth after the introduction of satellite facilities made it economical for the network to broadcast to Western Australia.

In 1989, Ten's ratings were in decline, so on 23 July 1989, recently recruited network boss Bob Shanks relaunched Network Ten as ''10 TV Australia'' and introduced several new programs, including four new prime time game shows. However, by the end of 1989 the ratings had failed to improve and most of the new programs were canceled, except for its Eyewitness News newscasts, Neighbours and E Street.

1990s

In 1990, both Network Ten and the Seven Network filed for receivership. In 1992, the network's flagship stations were sold to the Canadian-based CanWest media group, which held a controlling stake in the network until 2009. Ten also has an affiliate broadcasting agreement with Southern Cross Broadcasting, which owns numerous regional stations in New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Tasmania.

Ten broadcast the 1991 Winfield Cup premiership's grand final live.

Network Ten was nearly folded into the Seven Network in the early 1990s, but due to the lobbying power of billionaire Kerry Packer, former owner of the Nine Network, this was successfully resisted.

2000s

Network Ten enjoyed its best year since the 1970s in 2004, at one stage threatening to overtake Channel Seven as the second-runner to the long-leading Channel Nine. However ratings for Network Ten have been average, always finishing 3rd in every ratings year since 2000.

In 2005, it was revealed that Canwest was in discussions with newspaper publisher John Fairfax Holdings about a possible sale of the network, after the federal government had indicated it may consider relaxing Australia's media cross-ownership laws. Previously, newspaper owners could not own television stations in the same city. Fairfax owned the Seven Network until the mid 1980s, and has been looking for a way back into television for a long time.

On 21 August 2005, the network celebrated its 40th birthday with a two-hour highlights package called ''Ten: Seriously 40'' hosted by Bert Newton and Rove McManus.

From 2006-2008, Ten was the official broadcaster of Sydney New Year's Eve. The rights have since returned to the Nine Network from 2009.

Along with the Seven Network, Network Ten paid A$780 million for the rights to the Australian Football League. Some media commentators, however, believe the figure may have been overpriced given the fact that both Seven and Ten struggled to onsell games to Pay TV provider Foxtel. Ten eventually brokered a deal that saw Foxtel gain the rights to 4 live games each round, as well as replay rights for all games, shown on their Fox Sports One channel. Foxtel will pay an estimated A$50 million a year for these rights.

On 7 August 2007, Network Ten and Foxtel officially signed a new agreement allowing Ten's digital signal to be transmitted via Foxtel’s cable and satellite services. Prior to this, Network Ten was only transmitted via cable on Foxtel in an analogue format and Austar in Std Digital via Mystar. Similarly in October 2007, Network Ten and Optus announced that Ten's digital signal would be available on its cable network from 1 December 2007.

On 14 September 2007, Network Ten officially announced Ten HD, the first new commercial television channel in metropolitan areas of Australia since 1988. On 16 December 2007, Ten HD was officially launched with the high-definition movie, Black Hawk Down. Ten HD ceased broadcasting on 25 March 2009 to be replaced by a sports-only High Definition channel, One HD.

On 24 September 2009, Canwest announced that it was selling its 50.1% stake in Ten Network Holdings for A$680 million dollars, in order to pay down its significant debt. In late 2009, Canwest filed for creditor bankruptcy protection, due to C$4 billion mounting debt across radio, television broadcasting and publishing assets in several countries.

2010s

On 26 August 2010, Ten confirmed that it would be launching its third digital channel, entitled Eleven, 11 January 2011. The network indicated that Eleven would be aimed toward a "distinctly youthful" audience between the ages of 13 and 29, with programs such as ''Neighbours'' and ''The Simpsons'' migrating to the new channel. As part of its plans, Ten said that it was planning a joint venture with the international distributor CBS Studios International to provide content for the new channel.

Southern Cross Ten, a regional affiliate of the network, is upgrading its broadcast operations in preparation for the arrival of the new channel.

On 20 October 2010, four years after he sold shares in PBL Media to private equity firm CVC Asia Pacific, James Packer made a bid for Network TEN shares. He purchased 16 per cent of TEN through his traditional investment bank, UBS.

Ten began the new year in 2011 with the introduction of its third digital channel Eleven on 11 January with the ''Late Late Show'' at 11am.

On 7 April 2011, Network Ten announced it would relaunch its sports based channel One HD, with general entertainment programming taking over its schedule from 8 May. One is to incorporate more general entertainment aimed at males. It will pit the channel in a closer battle for viewers with 7mate.

Programming

Ten's current ''Australian'' programming lineup consists of television shows including: ''The Circle'', ''The 7PM Project'', ''Ready Steady Cook'', ''The Biggest Loser'', ''Bondi Rescue'', ''Before the Game'', ''Rush'', ''Talkin' 'Bout Your Generation'', ''Recruits'', ''MasterChef Australia'', ''Bondi Vet'', ''Totally Wild'', ''Toasted TV'', ''Video Hits'', ''Good News Week'', and ''Offspring''.

Network Ten relies heavily on its CBS and Fox output deals. Other overseas programming on Ten includes; ''House'', ''Late Show with David Letterman'', ''Law & Order'', ''Law & Order: Criminal Intent'', ''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit'', ''Law & Order: UK'', ''Medium'', ''Malcolm in the Middle'', ''NCIS'', ''NUMB3RS'', ''NCIS: Los Angeles'', ''Rules of Engagement'', ''One Tree Hill'', ''The Good Wife'', ''Cops'', ''Lie to Me'', ''The Bold and the Beautiful'', ''Burn Notice'', ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'', ''Dr. Phil'', ''Judge Judy'', ''Glee'', ''White Collar'', ''Merlin'', ''Undercover Boss'', ''Modern Family'' and ''Hawaii Five-0''.

Network Ten currently broadcasts feature films from 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures as a result of their studio output deals.

The network also broadcasts catalogue titles from Columbia Pictures/Sony Pictures produced prior to 2007 and Universal Pictures produced prior to 2008. The broadcast rights to more recent titles from Columbia/Sony and Universal now belong to the Nine Network and the Seven Network, respectively.

News & Current Affairs

Network Ten's news service is called ''Ten News''. It produces the following bulletins/programs; ''Ten Early News'', ''Ten Morning News'', ''Ten News at Five'' (Weeknights), ''6:30 with George Negus'', ''Ten Evening News'' (Weekends), ''The Bolt Report'', ''The 7PM Project'', ''Ten Late News'', ''Sports Tonight'', and ''Meet The Press''.

In November 2006, Network Ten struck a deal with CBS, reportedly worth A$6 million a year. This allows Network Ten the rights to air all CBS News footage, as well as access to its ''60 Minutes'', ''Dr. Phil'', ''Late Show with David Letterman'' and ''48 Hours'' programs. This deal occurred after CBS's talks with the Nine Network broke down, with Nine refusing to pay A$8 million a year to continue its 40-year deal with CBS. Ten in turn struck a cheaper deal, and has onsold CBS's 60 Minutes stories to Nine.

Sport

In 2001, Ten acquired partial broadcast rights for Saturday afternoon and Saturday night games in the Australian Football League, the elite Australian rules football competition, displacing the Seven Network which had held the rights for more than 40 years. The deal also assigned the exclusive rights for finals broadcasting to Network Ten. Ten subsequently placed a successful bid to jointly broadcast the game from 2007 to 2011, jointly with Seven.

Ten has continued to broadcast the Saturday component of the competition. However, unlike the previous deal Ten will not hold the exclusive rights to the finals series. Instead, the networks will share the broadcasting of the finals series and will alternate the broadcast of the grand final. In years when Ten does not televise the Grand Final (2008 and 2010), it will show the Brownlow Medal presentation.

Network Ten broadcast the AFL and the Rugby World Cup 2007 in the 1080i High Definition format. As of 2008, AFL matches have been shown in prime time in all capital cities except Sydney, which receives the telecast usually after 10:30pm unless the Sydney Swans are playing. Previously, all AFL matches were replayed into the Brisbane and Sydney markets, usually after 10:30pm unless the Brisbane Lions or Sydney Swans were playing. In 2007, all of the finals Network Ten were assigned to were shown live into both markets although neither the Lions or Swans were participating, thus putting it head to head with the NRL finals which were aired on the Nine Network. Before 2005, all finals were delayed into both markets unless their teams were playing.

Ten used to air the National Rugby League (NRL) (then New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) in the 1980s and early 1990s, but the Nine Network took over the rights.

Network Ten also used to air the National Basketball League (NBL) during the middle of the basketball boom in Australia in the mid-90s, but after delegating games to extremely late night time slots the network eventually ended its broadcasting. In March 2010 however, it was announced that Ten and One HD would show NBL games for the next 5 years. Starting with 2 games per week, and raising to 5 per week in the 2014/15 season. It was also revealed that they would show Boomers and Opals games.

Network Ten used to air WWF RAW, WWF Superstars and WWF Pay Per Views on Friday, Saturday and Sunday nights between 1995 and 1999, but this ended when Foxtel bought the rights to air the shows. Originally WWF programming was aired on a week delay when broadcasting of the programming started in 1995. Until 1998, WWF Superstars was changed to a 6 month delay due to financial reasons with the exception of WWF RAW and WWF Pay per views.

In 2003, Network Ten started broadcasting the Formula One World Championship after Channel Nine dropped the rights in 2002 after more than twenty years of coverage. In 2007 they also started showing coverage of the qualification on tape delay early on Sunday mornings in most states. In 2008, Ten introduced live coverage of race day on its HD channel, Ten HD. All races from the 2008 French Grand Prix onwards have been shown live on what is now One HD. As a result, standard definition coverage has enjoyed less focus and now airs at a later time.

Network Ten broadcasts major sporting events including; the Formula 1, ''AFL Premiership Season and Finals (In conjunction with the Seven Network and Foxtel)'', ''Moto GP World Championship'', ''NASCAR'' (TEN HD from 2008), and the ''Red Bull Air Race World Series''. Ten also holds the rights to the ''2007 Rugby World Cup'' and the ''US Masters'' golf tournament.

As well as this, Network Ten, in joint partnership with subscription television provider Foxtel, had broadcast rights for the 2010 Commonwealth Games.

First time realising the need to broadcast cricket in Australia to increase viewership, Network Ten bought the broadcast rights to the Indian Premier League (IPL) Cricket, which started on 18 April 2008. The network will broadcast the event annually for the next 5 years although there is some doubt that the Australian contracted national players will be available for the tournament.

Ten's current Sports channel ONE HD, mainly AFL, netball & other sports.

Availability

Network Ten is simulcast in analogue, standard definition and formerly in 1080i high definition. Ten is broadcast in metropolitan areas via Network Ten owned-and-operated stations, these include TEN Sydney, ATV Melbourne, TVQ Brisbane, ADS Adelaide, and NEW Perth. Channel Ten programming is also carried into other areas of regional Australia by various affiliate networks and stations including Southern Cross Ten, Southern Cross Television, Tasmanian Digital Television, Mildura Digital Television, Darwin Digital Television, Ten West and WIN Television. In addition to this, Network Ten is retransmitted via Foxtel, Optus and Austar Digital cable and satellite pay television services.

Controversy

For the 2006 series of Big Brother Ten appointed two censors to review the show instead of one. Federal Minister for Communications Senator Helen Coonan is reported to say she would be keeping a "close watch on the show's 2006 series". This controversy resulted in ''Big Brother Uncut'' being renamed ''Big Brother: Adults Only'' for the 2006 season of ''Big Brother Australia''. In two separate findings, the Australian Communications and Media Authority determined Network Ten breached clause 2.4 of the Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice. These two breaches were in relation to the broadcast of Big Brother Uncut on 30 May, 13 June and 4 July 2005. The Broadcasting material was not classified according to the Television Classification Guidelines.

Despite toning down ''Big Brother: Adults Only'' significantly in comparison to 2005, the series continued to attract controversy. After ''Big Brother: Adults Only'' was abruptly cancelled several weeks early, a subsequent incident of alleged sexual assault in the house saw the removal of two housemates and a huge public outcry calling for the series to be cancelled entirely. This incident generated significant publicity for the show, even prompted the Prime Minister of Australia to call Network Ten to "do a bit of self-regulation and get this stupid program off the air.".

Just prior to the fifth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, Network Ten broadcast ''911: In Plane Site'', a documentary that examined conspiracy theories about the terrorist attacks. Federal Labor politician Michael Danby demanded that the programming director of the station be sacked.

Network Ten were highly criticised for their broadcast of the 2006 New Year's Eve celebrations, mostly for the sexual innuendo witnessed between high-profile musician John Foreman and Matthew Newton, TV personality Bert Newton's son. Many other complaints were received, particularly in regards to the use of explicit language and crude humour (including a "pashing contest"). This was the first year Ten broadcast the celebrations and fireworks, with Nine Network previously broadcasting the event since 1995.

On 8 October 2008, The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) found Network Ten guilty of breaching the Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice by using subliminal advertising during the broadcast of the 2007 ARIA Music Awards on 28 October 2007. Network Ten had inserted single frames (lasting 1/25th of a second) into the program broadcast. This was exposed on ABC's ''Media Watch'' program.

In recent months, The 7PM Project, arguably the network's highest rating show has been accused of liberal bias.

Logos

From 1964 to 1983-84, Network Ten's four stations had different logos to identify themselves, plus two official network-wide logos from 1965 to 1981. By 1984, ATV-10, SAS-10 and TEN-10 had the circle with the word TEN in capital letters, inspired by TVQ-0 Brisbane's 1983 TV0 logo, with the word TV inside a circle. By January 1988, these all changed to the X TEN logo, except in Perth's NEW-10, which was launched in May, and Brisbane, which adopted the logo in September when TVQ changed channels from 0 to 10, all in the same year. The following year, it was changed into the 10 TV Australia logo, and by 1991 into the TEN logo of today.

References

External links

Corporate Site

Official YouTube channel

Category:Australian television networks Category:Television channels and stations established in 1964

de:Network Ten es:Network Ten fr:Network Ten id:Network Ten it:Network Ten nl:Network Ten ja:Network Ten pt:Network Ten ru:Network Ten simple:Network Ten

Henry Brooks Adams (February 16, 1838 – March 27, 1918; normally called ''Henry Adams'') was an American journalist, historian, academic and novelist. He is best-known for his autobiographical book, ''The Education of Henry Adams''. He was a member of the Adams political family.

Early life

He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Charles Francis Adams Sr. (1807–1886) and Abigail Brooks (1808–1889) into one of the country's most prominent families. Both his paternal grandfather, John Quincy Adams, and great grandfather, John Adams, one of the most prominent among the Founding Fathers, had been U.S. Presidents, his maternal grandfather was a millionaire, and another great grandfather, Nathaniel Gorham, signed the Constitution.

After his graduation from Harvard University in 1858, he embarked on a Grand Tour of Europe, during which he also attended lectures in civil law at the University of Berlin. He was initiated into the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity as an honorary member at the 1893 Columbian Exposition by Harris J. Ryan, a judge for the exhibit on electrical engineering. Through that organization, he was a member of the Irving Literary Society.

Civil War years

Adams returned home from Europe in the midst of the heated presidential election of 1860, which also was the year his father, Charles Francis Adams Sr., sought reelection to the US House of Representatives. He tried his hand again at law, taking employment with Judge Horace Gray's Boston firm, but this was short-lived. After his successful reelection, Charles Francis asked Henry to be his private secretary, continuing a father-son pattern set by John and John Quincy, and suggesting that Charles Francis had chosen Henry as the political scion of that generation of the family. Henry shouldered the responsibility reluctantly and with much self-doubt. "[I] had little to do," he reflected later, "and knew not how to do it rightly." During this time, Adams was the anonymous Washington Correspondent for Charles Hale's ''Boston Daily Advertiser''.

On March 19, 1861, Abraham Lincoln appointed Charles Francis Adams, Sr. United States Minister (ambassador) to the United Kingdom. Henry Adams accompanied him to London as his private secretary. Henry also became the anonymous London correspondent for the ''New York Times''. The two Adamses were kept very busy, monitoring Confederate diplomatic intrigues, and trying to obstruct the construction of Confederate commerce raiders by British shipyards (see Alabama Claims). Henry's writings for the ''New York Times'' argued that Americans should be patient with the British. While in Britain, Adams was befriended by many noted men including Charles Lyell, Francis T. Palgrave, Richard Monckton Milnes, James Milnes Gaskell, and Charles Milnes Gaskell.

While in Britain, Henry read and was taken with the works of John Stuart Mill. For Adams, Mill's ''Consideration on Representative Government'' showed the necessity of an enlightened, moral, and intelligent elite to provide leadership to a government elected by the masses and subject to demagoguery, ignorance, and corruption. Henry wrote to his brother Charles that Mill demonstrated to him that "democracy is still capable of rewarding a conscientious servant." His years in London led Adams to conclude that he could best provide that knowledgeable and conscientious leadership by working as a correspondent and journalist.

Historian and intellectual

In 1868, Henry Adams returned to the United States and settled down in Washington, D.C., where he started working as a journalist. Adams saw himself as a traditionalist longing for the democratic ideal of the 17th and 18th centuries. Accordingly, he was keen on exposing political corruption in his journalism.

Adams said, "I think that Lee should have been hanged. It was all the worse that he was a good man and a fine character and acted conscientiously. It's always the good men who do the most harm in the world."

In 1870, Adams was appointed Professor of Medieval History at Harvard, a position he held until his early retirement in 1877 at 39. As an academic historian, Adams is considered to have been the first (in 1874–1876) to conduct historical seminar work in the United States. Included among his students were Henry Cabot Lodge, who worked closely with Adams as a graduate student.

On June 27, 1872, he and Clover Hooper were married in Beverly, MA, and spent their honeymoon in Europe. Upon their return, he went back to his position at Harvard and their home at 91 Marlborough Street, Boston, became a gathering place for a lively circle of intellectuals. Adams was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1875. In 1877, he and his wife moved to Washington, D.C., where their home on Lafayette Square, across from the White House, again became a dazzling and witty center of social life. He worked as a journalist and continued working as an historian.

Adams's ''The History of the United States of America (1801 to 1817)'' (9 vols., 1889–1891) has been called "a neglected masterpiece" by Garry Wills (''Henry Adams and the Making of America'' (2005)).

In the 1880s, Adams also wrote two novels. He is credited as the author of ''Democracy'', which was published anonymously in 1880 and immediately became popular. (Only after Adams's death did his publisher reveal Adams's authorship.) His other novel, published under the ''nom de plume'' of Frances Snow Compton, was ''Esther'', whose eponymous heroine was believed to be modeled after his wife.

Adams was a member of an exclusive circle, a group of friends called the "Five of Hearts" that consisted of Henry, his wife Clover, geologist and mountaineer Clarence King, John Hay (assistant to Lincoln and later Secretary of State), and Hay's wife Clara. One of Adams's frequent travel companions was the artist John La Farge, with whom he journeyed to Japan and the South Seas. A long-time, intimate correspondent of Adams's was Elizabeth Cameron, wife of Senator J. Donald Cameron.

On December 6, 1885, his wife, Clover, committed suicide by drinking potassium cyanide. Her death has been attributed to depression over her father's death. Following her death Adams took up a restless life as a globetrotter, traveling extensively, spending summers in Paris and winters in Washington, where he commissioned the Adams Memorial, designed by sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens and architect Stanford White for her grave site in Rock Creek Cemetery.

In 1894, Adams was elected president of the American Historical Association. His address, entitled "The Tendency of History," was delivered in absentia. The essay predicted the development of a scientific approach to history, but was somewhat ambiguous as to what this achievement might mean.

In 1904, Adams privately published a copy of his "Mont Saint Michel and Chartres," a pastiche of history, travel, and poetry, that celebrated the unity of medieval society, especially as represented in the great cathedrals of France. Originally meant as a diversion for his nieces and "nieces-in-wish," it was publicly released in 1913 at the request of Ralph Adams Cram, an important American architect, and published with support of the American Institute of Architects.

He published ''The Education of Henry Adams'' in 1907, in a small private edition for selected friends. For Adams, the Virgin Mary was a symbol of the best of the old world, as the dynamo was a representative of modernity. It was only following Adams's death that ''The Education'' was made available to the general public, in an edition issued by the Massachusetts Historical Society. It ranked first on the Modern Library's 1998 list of 100 Best Nonfiction Books and was named the best book of the twentieth century by the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, a conservative organization that promotes classical education. It was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1919.

In 1912, Adams suffered a stroke, perhaps brought on by news of the sinking of the Titanic, for which he had return tickets to Europe. After the stroke, his scholarly output diminished, but he continued to travel, write letters, and host dignitaries and friends at his Washington, D.C., home. Henry Adams died at age 80 in Washington, D.C. He is interred beside his wife in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

In 1910, Adams printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume ''A Letter to American Teachers of History'' proposing a "theory of history" based on the second law of thermodynamics and the principle of entropy. This, essentially, states that all energy dissipates, order becomes disorder, and the earth will eventually become uninhabitable. In short, he applied the physics of dynamical systems of Rudolf Clausius, Hermann von Helmholtz, and William Thomson to the modeling of human history.

In his manuscript ''The Rule of Phase Applied to History'', Adams attempted to use Maxwell's demon as an historical metaphor, though he seems to have misunderstood and misapplied the principle. Adams interpreted history as a process moving towards "equilibrium," but he saw militaristic nations (he felt Germany pre-eminent in this class) as tending to reverse this process, a "Maxwell's Demon of history."

Adams made many attempts to respond to the criticism of his formulation from his scientific colleagues, but the work remained incomplete at Adams's death in 1918. It was only published posthumously.

Adams and Antisemitism

Adams's attitude towards Jews has been described as one of loathing. John Hay, remarking on Adams's antisemitism, said that when Adams "saw Vesuvius reddening... [he] searched for a Jew stoking the fire."

His letters were "peppered with a variety of antisemitic remarks," according to historian Robert Michael. Adams wrote: "I detest [the Jews], and everything connected with them, and I live only and solely with the hope of seeing their demise, with all their accursed Judaism. I want to see all the lenders at interest taken out and executed."

In his ''American Historians and European Immigrants'', author Edward Saveth quotes Adams as follows:

"We are in the hands of the Jews," Adams lamented. "They can do what they please with our values." He advised against investment except in the form of gold locked in a safe deposit box. "There you have no risk but the burglar. In any other form you have the burglar, the Jew, the Czar, the socialist, and, above all, the total irremediable, radical rottenness of our whole social, industrial, financial and political system."

Brothers

John Quincy Adams (1833 - 1894) was a graduate of Harvard (1853), practiced law, and was a Democratic member for several terms of the Massachusetts general court. In 1872, he was nominated for vice-president by the Democratic faction that refused to support nomination of Horace Greeley.

Charles Francis Adams, Jr. (1835–1915) fought with the Union in the Civil War, receiving in 1865 the brevet of brigadier-general in the regular army. He became an authority on railway management as the author of ''Railroads, Their Origin and Problems'' (1878), and as president of the Union Pacific Railroad from 1884 to 1890.

Brooks Adams (1848–1927), practiced law and became a writer. His books include ''The Law of Civilization and Decay'' (1895), ''America's Economic Supremacy'' (1900), and ''The New Empire'' (1902).

See also

Maxwell's demon

''The Education of Henry Adams''

Notes

Writings by Adams

1876 (in collaboration with Henry Cabot Lodge, Ernest Young and J. L. Laughlin). ''Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law''.

1879. ''Life of Albert Gallatin'' .

1879 (ed.). ''The Writings of Albert Gallatin'' (3 volumes).

1880. ''Democracy'' (novel)

1882. ''John Randolph''.

1884. ''Esther: A Novel'' (facsimile ed., 1938, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, ISBN 978-0-8201-1187-2).

1889-1891. ''History of the United States During the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison''.

1891. ''Historical Essays''.

1893. ''Tahiti: Memoirs of Arii Taimai e Marama of Eimee ... Last Queen of Tahiti'' (facsimile of 1901 Paris ed., 1947 Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, ISBN 978-0-8201-1213-8).

1904. ''Mont Saint Michel and Chartres''.

1911. ''The Life of George Cabot Lodge'' (facsimile ed.. 1978, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, ISBN 978-0-8201-1316-6).

1918. ''The Education of Henry Adams''.

1930-38. ''Letters.'' Edited by W. C. Ford. 2 vols.

Published as

''Democracy: An American Novel, Esther, Mont Saint Michel, The Education'' (Ernest Samuels, ed.) (Library of America, 1983) ISBN 978-0-940450-12-7

''History of the United States During the Administration of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison'' (Earl N. Harbert, ed.) (Library of America, 1986) Vol I (Jefferson) ISBN 978-0-940450-34-9. Vol II (Madison) ISBN 978-0-940450-35-6.

Books about Adams

Adams, James Truslow, 1933 (reprinted 1970). ''Henry Adams''.

Adams, Marian Hooper, 1936. ''The Letters of Mrs. Henry Adams, 1865–1883''. Edited by W. Thoron.

Richard Brookhiser, 2002 ''America's First Dynasty: The Adamses, 1735–1918''.

Cater, H. D., ed., 1947. ''Henry Adams and His Friends: A Collection of His Unpublished Letters''.

Chalfant, E., 1994. ''Better in Darkness''.

Contosta, David R., 1980. ''Henry Adams and the American Experiment''. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.

ISBN 0-316-15400-8

Dusinberre, W., 1980. ''Henry Adams: The Myth of Failure''.

O'Toole, P., 1990. ''The Five of Hearts: An Intimate Portrait of Henry Adams and His Friends, 1880-1918''.

Samuels, E., 1948. ''The Young Henry Adams''.

Samuels, E., 1958. ''Henry Adams: The Middle Years''.

Samuels, E., 1964. ''Henry Adams: The Major Phase''.

Simpson, Brooks D., 1996. ''The Political Education of Henry Adams''. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.

Garry Wills, 2005. ''Henry Adams and the Making of America''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2005.

:ISBN 0-618-13430-1

Zencey, Eric, 1995. ''Panama'': ISBN 978-0-425-15602-5

External links

''The Education of Henry Adams'' at the University of Virginia American Studies Hypertext project.

''Mont Saint Michel and Chartres '' at the University of Virginia American Studies Hypertext project.

''America in 1800 ''at the University of Virginia American Studies Hypertext project.

The Letters of Henry Adams

Henry Adams, Globe Trotter in Space and Time

Encyclopedia Britannica: Henry Adams

Index entry for Henry Brooks Adams at Poets' Corner

''The Broken Arch'', an unpublished work by Lorrie Tussman exploring the theme of unity in Western civilization based on the writings of Henry Adams

Category:1838 births Category:1918 deaths Category:American historians Category:American novelists Category:Antisemitism in the United States Category:Historians of the United States Category:Harvard University faculty Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni Category:Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters Category:Adams family Category:People from Boston, Massachusetts Category:Presidents of the American Historical Association Category:American people of English descent Category:Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

am:ሄንሪ አዳምስ ar:هنري بروكس آدمز bn:হেনরি অ্যাডাম্‌স cs:Henry Adams de:Henry Adams es:Henry Brooks Adams fr:Henry Adams (historien) gl:Henry Adams it:Henry Brooks Adams pl:Henry Brooks Adams pt:Henry Brooks Adams ru:Адамс, Генри Брукс sk:Henry Adams sv:Henry Adams

Heidi Roizen (born 1958 in Stanford, California) is a Silicon Valley executive, venture capitalist, and entrepreneur.

She graduated from Stanford University in 1980 with a bachelor's degree in English and earned her MBA from the Stanford University Graduate School of Business three years later.

From 1983 to 1996, Roizen was co-founder and CEO of T/Maker Company, which made software for CP/M and MSDOS computers, and later for the Apple Macintosh. Her brother, Peter Roizen was the other co-founder; he had graduated from the University of California, Berkeley, and had written the original software named "Table Maker" that had launched the company. From 1987 until 1994, Roizen also served on the board of directors of the Software Publishers Association and was its president from 1988 to 1990.

From 1996 to 1997, Roizen was Vice President of World Wide Developer Relations for Apple Computer. She also served on the board of Great Plains Software from 1997 until its acquisition by Microsoft in 2001.

Roizen also served as the Public Governor of the Pacific Exchange and on the executive committee of the National Venture Capital Association (NVCA).

Roizen was a Venture Capitalist with SOFTBANK Venture Capital, which became Mobius Venture Capital, from 1999 to 2007.

In December 2007 she returned to the entrepreneurial world, launching SkinnySongs, a producer and distributor of music designed to help women lose weight. Roizen founded the company and served as “Chief Lyrical Officer”, penning all the lyrics.

In September 2008, the Forum for Women Entrepreneurs and Executives awarded Heidi Roizen their annual Achievement Award.

In June 2009, Roizen was elected to the Board of Directors of TiVo (NASDAQ:TIVO), and in August 2009, she was elected to the Board of Directors of Yellow Pages Group (TSX:YLO-UN).

References

External links

Heidi Roizen’s personal website

SkinnySongs Home page

Heidi Roizen on the Martha Stewart Show

Harvard Business School Case: Heidi Roizen

Forum for Women Entrepreneurs & Executives: Achievement Award 2008 Video

Forum for Women Entrepreneurs & Executives Gives Roizen Achievement Award for 2008

Interview on Fresh Dialogues Nov 2008 re. Skinny Songs

Fresh Dialogues Interview Dec 2008 re. Tips for Entrepreneurs

Entrepreneurial Heroes podcast interview with NCWIT

Category:1958 births Category:Living people Category:American computer businesspeople Category:Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni

Name	Robert Kiyosaki
Birth date	April 08, 1947
Birth place	Hilo, Hawaii, United States
Occupation	Investor, Entrepreneur, Author, Motivational Speaker
Spouse	Kim Kiyosaki
Website	}}

Robert Toru Kiyosaki, born April 8, 1947) is an American investor, businessman, self-help author and motivational speaker. Kiyosaki is best known for his ''Rich Dad Poor Dad'' series of motivational books and other material published under the Rich Dad brand. He has written 15 books which have combined sales of over 26 million copies. Although beginning as a self-publisher, he was subsequently published by Warner Books, a division of Hachette Book Group USA. His new books appear under the Rich Dad Press imprint. Three of his books, ''Rich Dad Poor Dad'', ''Rich Dad's CASHFLOW Quadrant'', and ''Rich Dad's Guide to Investing'', have been on the top 10 best-seller lists simultaneously on ''The Wall Street Journal'', ''USA Today'' and the ''New York Times''. ''Rich Kid Smart Kid'' was published in 2001, with the intent to help parents teach their children financial concepts. He has created three "Cashflow" board and software games for adults and children and has a series of "Rich Dad" CDs and disks.

Personal life

A fourth-generation Japanese American, Kiyosaki was born and raised in Hawaii. He is the son of the late educator Ralph H. Kiyosaki (1919–1991). After graduating from Hilo High School, he attended the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy in New York, graduating with the class of 1969 as a deck officer. He later served in the Marine Corps as a helicopter gunship pilot during the Vietnam War, where he was awarded the Air Medal.

Kiyosaki left the Marine Corps in 1975 and got a job selling copy machines for the Xerox Corporation. In 1977, Kiyosaki started a company that brought to market the first nylon and Velcro "surfer" wallets. The company was moderately successful at first but eventually went bankrupt. In the early 1980s, Kiyosaki started a business that licensed T-shirts for Heavy metal rock bands. In 1997, he launched Cashflow Technologies, Inc. which owns and operates the ''Rich Dad'' and ''Cashflow'' brands.

Family

He is married to Kim Kiyosaki. He has one sister, Emi Kiyosaki, a Tibetan Buddhist nun known by the name Ven. Tenzin Kacho. He has co-authored one book with her.

Teachings

A large part of Kiyosaki's teachings focus on generating passive income by means of investment opportunities, such as real estate and businesses, with the ultimate goal of being able to support oneself by such investments alone. In tandem with this, Kiyosaki defines "assets" as things that generate cash inflow, such as rental properties or businesses—and "liabilities" as things that use cash, such as houses, cars, and so on. Kiyosaki also argues that financial leverage is critically important in becoming rich.

Kiyosaki stresses financial literacy as the means to obtaining wealth. He says that life skills are often best learned through experience and that there are important lessons not taught in school. He says that formal education is primarily for those seeking to be employees or self-employed individuals, and that this is an "Industrial Age idea." And according to Kiyosaki, in order to obtain financial freedom, one must be either a business owner or an investor, generating passive income.

Kiyosaki often refers to "The CASHFLOW Quadrant," a conceptual tool which he developed to categorize the four major ways income is earned. Depicted in a diagram, this concept entails four groupings, split with two crossed lines (one vertical and one horizontal). In each of the four groups there is a letter representing a way in which an individual may earn income. The letters are as follows.

E: Employee — Working for someone else.

S: Self-employed or Small business owner — Where a person owns his own job and is his own boss.

B: Business owner — A person owns a business to make money; typically where the owner's physical presence is not required.

I: Investor — Investing money in order to receive a larger income in the future.

Books

Kiyosaki is best known for his book ''Rich Dad, Poor Dad''. Kiyosaki followed with ''Rich Dad's CASHFLOW Quadrant'' and ''Rich Dad's Guide to Investing''. He has now had at least a dozen books published, including:

''Cashflow Quadrant: Rich Dad's Guide to Financial Freedom (2000)''

''Rich Dad's Guide to Investing: What the Rich Invest in, That the Poor and the Middle Class Do Not!'' (2000)

''Rich Kid, Smart Kid'' (2001)

''Rich Dad's Prophecy'' (2002)

''Rich Dad's Retire Young, Retire Rich'' (2002)

''Rich Dad's Guide to Becoming Rich...Without Cutting Up Your Credit Cards'' (2003)

''Rich Dad's Who Took My Money: Why Slow Investors Lose and Fast Money Wins!'' (2004)

''Rich Dad's Who Took My Money?: Why Slow Investors Lose and Fast Money Wins!'' (2004)

''The Business School'' (2005)

''Before You Quit Your Job'' (2005)

''Why We Want You To Be Rich'' (2007, with Donald Trump)

''Rich Dad's Increase Your Financial IQ: Get Smarter with Your Money'' (2008)

''Conspiracy Of The Rich'' (2009)

''The Real Book of Real Estate: Real Experts. Real Stories. Real Life.'' (2009)

''Unfair Advantage: The Power of Financial Education'' (2011)

''Midas Touch'' (2011, with Donald Trump)

Games

Kiyosaki stresses the value of games, particularly ''Monopoly'', as tools for learning basic financial strategies such as "trade four green houses for one red hotel." Kiyosaki has created several games to reinforce the information in his book

Appearances

Several local stations of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), including WTTW of Chicago, KAET of Phoenix, KOCE of Orange County, California, WLIW of the New York/New Jersey area, and WGBH of Boston, have featured Kiyosaki during fund-raising drives. During this television special, ''Rich Dad's Guide to Wealth with Robert Kiyosaki'', he provides viewers with financial education, as opposed to academic or professional education.

Kiyosaki has been seen giving financial advice on various network television news channels.

This speech was the subject of a CNN story.

Financial advice

Mutual funds

Kiyosaki wrote in one column that investors in any mutual fund with a 2.5% annual fee would, over a long time period, surrender 80% of the earnings to the fund. Kiyosaki expanded on his criticism of mutual funds in another column by stating they are for "losers." Despite the fact that most mutual funds actually charged less than 1.1%. He has drawn much criticism for comparing investing in mutual funds to playing the lottery, and for discouraging 401(k) investing, contrary to the advice of most professional financial advisers. In contrast to these statements, Kiyosaki wrote in his book ''Prophecy'' that while mutual funds are not great investments, they remain one of the few acceptable investment vehicles available to those who will not educate themselves financially.

Kiyosaki's criticisms are supported by the founder of the mutual fund Vanguard, John C. Bogle. In a ''Frontline'' episode titled "401(k)s: The New Retirement Plan, For Better or Worse", Bogle stated that management fees and trading costs gobble up approximately 2.5% of an investor's annual returns and approximately 80% of an investor's long term gains. He says management costs reduce the value of a $1,000 investment over 65 years from approximately $140,000 at 8% compounded annually to a mere $30,000 at 5.5% compounded annually. Bogle's solution is to utilize index funds, which charge as little as 0.09%, to substantially reduce or eliminate management fees.

Criticism and controversy

Kiyosaki's books and teachings have been criticized for focusing on anecdotes and containing little in the way of concrete advice on how readers should proceed. Kiyosaki responds that his material is meant to be more of a motivational tool to get readers thinking about money rather than a step-by-step guide to wealth. He also says the books are supposed to be "interesting" to people, which precludes involving a lot of technical material.

ABC ran a 20/20 segment on May 19, 2006 in which Kiyosaki was to advise three entrepreneurs on how to make money. They were given $1000 and 20 days to try to make the most money possible. One earned a return of 24%, the second earned a return of 54% and gave it all to charity, and the third lost 100% because she invested in machines that could not be delivered in 20 days. The contestants alleged that Kiyosaki never gave concrete advice. "All he [Kiyosaki] does is, I guess, is open your mind to the possibility. He doesn't tell you how to do it." Kiyosaki responded that failure is important to learning. At the end, 20/20 asks, "Does anyone really need 18 books to learn to fail?"

The Wall Street Journal criticized ''Why We Want You To Be Rich'' by Kiyosaki and Trump as did Kiplinger's Personal Finance.

There are also those who claim that some of the things he teaches are incorrect, and based on false claims including those working for Robert Kiyosaki.

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation consumer affairs program Marketplace ran an investigative piece on Kiyosaki's questionable business practices on Jan 29, 2010. It includes interviews with Kiyosaki.

Partial bibliography

''If You Want to Be Rich & Happy: Don't Go to School? : Ensuring Lifetime Security for Yourself and Your Children'' (1992). ISBN 0-944031-38-2.

''Rich Dad Poor Dad - What the Rich Teach Their Kids About Money - That the Poor and Middle Class Do Not!'' (first published in 1997) Warner Business Books. ISBN 0-446-67745-0.

''CASHFLOW Quadrant: Rich Dad's Guide to Financial Freedom'' (2000). ISBN 0-446-67747-7.

''Rich Dad's Guide to Investing: What the Rich Invest in, That the Poor and the Middle Class Do Not!'' (2000). ISBN 0-446-67746-9.

''The Business School for People Who Like Helping People'' (March, 2001). ISBN 9-992-26742-9 - endorses multi-level marketing

''Rich Dad's Rich Kid, Smart Kid: Giving Your Children a Financial Headstart'' (2001). ISBN 0-446-67748-5.

''Rich Dad's Retire Young, Retire Rich'' (2002). ISBN 0-446-67843-0.

''Rich Dad's Prophecy: Why the Biggest Stock Market Crash in History Is Still Coming… and How You Can Prepare Yourself and Profit from It!'' (October, 2002). Warner Books, Incorporated. ISBN 0-641-62241-4.

''Rich Dad's The Business School: For People Who Like Helping People'' (2003) ISBN 9-796-86729-X.

''You Can Choose to be Rich'' (2003) 12-CD Audio series with three books.

''Rich Dad's Who Took My Money?: Why Slow Investors Lose and Fast Money Wins!'' (May 1, 2004)ISBN 0-446-69182-8.

''Rich Dad, Poor Dad for Teens: The Secrets About Money--That You Don't Learn in School!'' (2004) ISBN 0-446-69321-9.

''Rich Dad's Before You Quit Your Job : 10 Real-Life Lessons Every Entrepreneur Should Know About Building a Multimillion-Dollar Business'' (2005). ISBN 0-446-69637-4.

''Rich Dad's Escape from the Rat Race - Comic for children'' (2005)

''Rich Dad's Increase Your Financial IQ: Get Smarter with Your Money'' (2008). ISBN 0-446-50936-1.

''Rich Dad's Conspiracy of the Rich: The 8 New Rules of Money'' (September 21, 2009). ISBN 0446559806 (free online edition)

''The Real Book of Real Estate: Real Experts. Real Stories. Real Life.'' (May, 2010). ISBN 1-458-77250-0.

''Midas Touch'' (November, 2011), by Donald J. Trump & Robert T. Kiyosaki. ISBN 1-612-68095-X.

Notes

References

External links

''Hawaii Business Magazine'' June 2002 cover story on Kiyosaki

Why the Rich Get Richer Robert Kiyosaki's regular column at Yahoo! Finance

Category:1947 births Category:Living people Category:American business writers Category:American finance and investment writers Category:American military personnel of the Vietnam War Category:American businesspeople Category:American investors Category:Businesspeople in real estate Category:American motivational speakers Category:American motivational writers Category:American self-help writers Category:People from Hilo, Hawaii Category:Writers from Hawaii Category:Businesspeople from Hawaii Category:Stock traders Category:Currency traders Category:American writers of Japanese descent Category:United States naval aviators Category:United States Marine Corps officers Category:Recipients of the Air Medal Category:United States Merchant Marine Academy alumni Category:American military personnel of Japanese descent Category:People associated with Direct Sales

ca:Robert Kiyosaki cs:Robert Kiyosaki da:Robert Kiyosaki de:Robert Kiyosaki et:Robert Kiyosaki es:Robert Kiyosaki fa:رابرت کیوساکی id:Robert Kiyosaki it:Robert Kiyosaki he:רוברט קיוסאקי lt:Robert Kiyosaki hu:Robert Kiyosaki nl:Robert Kiyosaki ja:ロバート・キヨサキ pl:Robert Kiyosaki pt:Robert Kiyosaki ro:Robert Kiyosaki ru:Кийосаки, Роберт sah:Роберт Кийосаки fi:Robert Kiyosaki sv:Robert Kiyosaki uk:Роберт Кійосакі vi:Robert Kiyosaki zh:羅伯特·清崎

Gerald Harper (born 15 February 1929, London, England) is an actor, best known for his work on television, having played the title roles in ''Adam Adamant Lives!'' (1966–67) and ''Hadleigh'' (1969–76).

Harper originally wanted to be a doctor but became interested in acting while still at school. He was educated at Haileybury and, after National Service, trained at RADA. He started in the London Arts Theatre followed by Liverpool Playhouse before returning to London to perform in ''Charley's Aunt'' with Frankie Howerd. He also had roles in ''Free as Air'' and ''Ross'' and toured in America with the Old Vic and ''Boeing-Boeing''. He toured the country in 2008 as the lead in Agatha Christie's ''And Then There Were None'' directed by Joe Harmston for producer Bill Kenwright.

His film credits include: ''The Admirable Crichton'' (1957), ''A Night to Remember'' (1958), ''The League of Gentlemen'' (1960), ''Tunes of Glory'' (1960) and ''The Punch and Judy Man'' (1963), ''The Lady Vanishes'' (1979). On radio he did ''The Sunday Affair''; for Capital Radio. Television also included; ''The Sleeper'', ''The Corsican Brothers'' and ''Gazette''.

Harper presented a series of Saturday afternoon shows for BBC Radio 2 in the early 1990s, where he played classic songs from the past and gave away bottles of champagne and chocolates. His opening phrase, usually spoken over the introduction of the first song, was "Hello....I'm Gerald Harper. Welcome to my Saturday selection". The radio show was resurrected for Talksport radio for a few months between 2000-2001, and re-titled ''Champagne and Roses''.

He married Jane Downs with whom he had a daughter, Sarah Jane. He then married Carla with whom he had a son, Jamie. He lists his hobbies as horse riding, skiing and chess and financial issues.

Selected filmography

''The Dam Busters'' (1955)

''Stars in Your Eyes'' (1956)

''The Extra Day'' (1956)

''Tiger in the Smoke'' (1956)

''The Admirable Crichton'' (1957)

''A Night to Remember'' (1958)

''The League of Gentlemen'' (1960)

''Tunes of Glory'' (1960)

''The Young Ones'' (1961)

''The Punch and Judy Man'' (1963)

''Wonderful Life'' (1964)

''The Lady Vanishes'' (1979)

External links

Category:1929 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Category:English film actors Category:English television actors Category:Old Haileyburians

fr:Gerald Harper